Determining the influence of human-computer interaction on management information systems

The purpose of this study is to determine human-computer interaction influence on management information systems through comparison of research methods, reference methods, AHP, research text, personal information in 6 analyses of current situation, role of human-computer interaction in management information systems and any comparison with previous research. Final conclusion dealt with future viewpoints and limitations of research and future views were completely examined and the problems of this issue in Iran were discussed and compared.


Introduction
MIS Research on human-computer interaction is more related to business, management, organization, and inner-organization duties.The key aspect in these studies is the attention and not the interest of humans to some related issues and this is done with different purposes and ways to interact human with automation.Kolan (1986) as the first person who did research on MIS (1972)(1973)(1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982) divided it into 9 secondary areas three of which are about human-computer interaction.Research on management has resulted into a 50-year reviewing article about MIS.Banker & Kofman (2004) believe that human-computer interaction in management information systems is one of the five main areas in their research.Like information systems, quick development and application of information and communication technology and the related service as well as the role of IT in their effectiveness and everyday life, human-computer interaction has been an important and fundamental issue .Jung & Lee (2005) studied seven top human computer interaction journals about MIS (1990MIS ( -2002) ) and reviewed seven articles and the existing research methods and analyzed and summarized all of them.Although MIS has been started a little late in Iran, we have been seriously looking http://www.ispacs.com/journals/cacsa/2016/cacsa-00051/International Scientific Publications and Consulting Services for development of information automation and information systems in theoretical, practical and information technology.A lot of research has been done on human-computer interaction and management information systems.Regarding the importance of the role of human-computer interaction as well as management information systems, the present study hopes to review this issue and summarize the status of the management information systems studies in human-computer interaction using related comparisons.Section 2 deals with methodology.Section three is about data collection and data analysis.Section four compares the cases with some foreign studies.Suggestions for further research are presented in section five.

Topics selection
Since the present study has been carried out to discover the research field on human-computer interaction and its relationship with management information systems, the main attention is on the articles about these systems.All of these articles were carried out in order to reflect the status of research and concerning methods in the field of MIS and human-computer interaction.Therefore, it has been cleared whether there is a special management over information systems `journals and whether local and international research exists.About 20 publications were chosen.

Classifying the system
In order to analyze the current conditions in the field of HCI it is necessary to determine a set of research titles in research about HCI, research methods, individual features for classification, and AHP, research and approval scenarios of system.The present study was done based on similar foreign studies all of which are used for system classification in the field of MIS research on HCI.

Classifying research subject (classifying the topics)
Analysis of research topics helps us to understand the human-computer interaction better.Jung & Lee (2005) insists on general structure of HCI based on variety among the recommended classification methods.They classified HCI research topics into development and application of IT and usage and effects of IT from the viewpoint of life cycle of IT product.The general subject of the three classifications also exists each of which includes some smaller classifications according to Table 1.The present study also used the system of research subject classification.Alavi et al (2002) carried out a study called "reference to MIS" dividing into nine classifications and Diyodis (2005) divided disciplines based on Alavi`s theory into seven groups.However, this study is to provide more fundamental and broader views for human-computer interaction.

Hierarchical classification of research (classification for determining level of analysis)
Management information systems are used in many educational fields.Alavi et al (2001) studied classification levels.They divided research about MIS into 10 levels and based the field of MIS in research about HCI on human issues.They believed that such a classification is not very applicable.Jung & Lee (2005) analyzed the specifications of this system.The researchers used the previous study on Hierarchical classification of MIS as a basis for studying human-computer reaction at individual and group levels.

Classification of research subject (classification based on text)
The subject of research refers investigating the environment.Although there are different levels for abstract scenarios and sometimes some scenarios are analyzed, this study only considered direct and related scenarios to the subject under study.Jung & Lee`s study (2005)

Classification of individual descriptions (classification for personal descriptions)
Jung & Lee (2005) did their study based on individual descriptions of different methods of HCI and divided them into two groups: personality and population specifications (Table 3).This classification was also examined in this study.

Research process
In this study research process includes identifying HCI article, classification and analysis.Recognition articles are provided in two steps.The first step included identification of 25 quarterlies on MIS and it was chosen as a keyword for retrieving from published journals between 1990 and 2006.Each researcher studied all documents along with the whole text of the articles in order to find out whether research related to HCI can recognize and discuss the obtained articles in the field of MIS and HCI or not (Refer to Table 1).The selected article on HCI is at least topic of an article.In this process, the following case articles were ignored: 1.Not considering human factors and only pure plan of the research system, development methods, procedures etc. 2. Supporting systems from human viewpoint 3. A pure study on IT human resource management http://www.ispacs.com/journals/cacsa/2016/cacsa-00051/International Scientific Publications and Consulting Services After determining HCI articles, the researcher and independent people studied all the articles based on the mentioned classification system.After classification, comparison of the results of each classification is done a way that there is space for more discussion and investigation.

Research condition on MIs from analysis of HCI
The Fig. 1 shows that in Iran proportion and ratio of HCI article in domestic conditions is always at a low level while proportion and ratio of foreign articles show increasing level.Research on HCI shows a field that is still in the initial steps of progress and is developing slowly.On the other hand, some experts in the field of MIS have shown that enough attention has paid to different fields of HCI.Following analysis based on specifications of the mentioned classification system determines the following aspects in current HCI studies.Using the research journals between 1990 and 1994, it can be said that the section related to HCI is completely empty and as a result we can actually have a twelve -year evaluation of 30 articles between 1995 and 2006.Most difference of HCI subjects are about usage and effect of IT and through Chi-square in local and foreign studies, experts paid more attention to specific differences in IT degree and used the effect of research for cases less than 0.5.The general subject of a foreign research is limited.Secondary topics in each following studies and analyses showed that study of HCI only deals with 17 secondary topics out of 9 cases including development of secondary topics of rank 5 (out of 7), using penetration of secondary topics of rank 3 ( out of total 9 cases) and general topic.
Regarding variety in research topics, Jung and Lee (2005) suggested that research on HCI is related to all topics of this study and identifies a wide spectrum of foreign interests and depth of the study.Therefore, research topics were fewer in this study and it deals with usage and effect of IT subjects.Moreover, it still owns immaturity.

Research methods
This study used 30 research methods to classify the obtained documents as shown in Table 4.
From 12 kinds of research methods, this study only deals with six of them.About 78.1%of articles were non-empirical and only 21.9% were empirical.43.8% of non-empirical research methods were discussed in terms of primary and new viewpoints and the presented hypotheses.Especially, when empirical research methods are used, researchers benefit from more methods like questionnaires, research and foreign cases as well as laboratory experiments and through empirical research methods.

Research profile
Out of 30 existing articles, about 19 (addition of rows 1, 2, 3) clearly studied the given scenario and the other 11 did not identified any special scenarios for the research (Table 6).

Individual characteristics
Out of 30 analyses only 9 (30%) of them were clearly dealt with individual characteristics.Therefore, it can be said that four of them dealt with personalities and six of them dealt with population characteristics without paying attention to individual characteristics of the article which is equal to 70%.(As shown in Table 7) foreign studies had also similar results.Note: domestic and international studies include both personality and population characteristics of articles.

Existing gaps in domestic research of HCI
Through the mentioned analysis, it can be realized that although HCI research was done at individual level which all indicate some foreign similar characteristics, they are not so matured.Among different research methods, HCI research methods simply and using empirical research methods about the real meaning of the applied proportion are related.However, in non-empirical methods the main focus is on explanatory issues in order to introduce the viewpoint of explaining cases and not applying empirical methods to discover subject of HCI.Alavi & Carlson mentioned this point that non-empirical method is more suitable for initial steps of discipline development of MIS.Empirical methods are stricter but are more useful for better refining of hypothesis from practice .This can be done based on current conditions in HCI research and discovering deeper issues which need more research using empirical methods.HCI in research profile is independent from characteristics and strong profile.This is because the fact that HCI research is still immature and more research should summarize results of foreign research.

HCI Local research perspectives
Based on the mentioned analysis and current conditions in HCI research, the following perspectives can be considered:

Determining a conceptual and explicit structure for HCI research
There is still no rule for HCI research, conceptual ambiguities especially, about HCI in the development and usage of IT products and about the importance of continual progress of HCI research and models for http://www.ispacs.com/journals/cacsa/2016/cacsa-00051/International Scientific Publications and Consulting Services directing them.If there is such a structure, research can be facilitated and participants in higher levels of knowledge in this field can lead to study development and quick development of HCI.

Intersecting cultural factors influencing HCI research
T .Wilson a researcher in the field of information and behavioral model suggested that regional culture to determine one of the important factors influencing information behavior of human being.The effect of the given culture on HCI and through wider usage of MIS this interaction becomes more obvious.Considering people in the fields of information, stating and combination method of automation with work conditions and other effective local cultures through comparative study in this field it is possible to determine different cultural scenarios for HCI research and design the degree of progress.

Emphasis on the degree of development and progress of HCI research topics
Jung & Lee (2005) pointed to this in their study which itself is kind of asymmetry description.Hence, fewer studies have been done which can be changed into opportunities of the research and in turn the degree of HCI issues progress has a good relationship with the basis of the present study.Moreover, other things can be mentioned in this study which is an advantage of this study.

MIS research about HCI issues that need more attention
HCI research has a broad space for growth and development.The research points out that internet based research is in a wider level and results in increase in ecommerce, and foreign HCI research in recent years and network facilities (capability of using network), supporting communication ( communication supporting) and other cooperation.On the other hand, studies about feeling and trust in HCI are also increasing.The main emphasis is on international attention in HCI research based on personal performance, which gradually tends to using IT products, communications, coordination and personal and social experiences, feelings of people and trust which need more attention.Secondly, research methods for discovering deeper issues are also possible through various empirical methods but non-empirical research should never be relied on.Thirdly, research on HCI with strong dependence on profile characteristics should be done in special subjects and more attention to these factors including cross cultural study, cultural profile, simultaneous investigation of conditioned factors related to a better understanding of issues.Hence, the obtained findings in both theoretical and practical subjects like research on using and effect of IT products, organizations or working according to scenarios directly leads to improvement and promotion of MIS operation.

Research limitations
There were many limitations in this study.On one hand, because of choosing only 22 management journals it was not possible to cover all studies in MIS which were likely to be published in a more important rank than computer or MIS software journals.On the other hand, a classification system designed by foreign experts was used in this study to carry out foreign and comparative study.As long as the given classification systems are accepted by many foreign experts but based on some reasons like Western MIS HCI research on scientific features of information systems, recognition methods and academic disciplines , a great difference can be seen which leads to real asymmetry and the effect of such classifications.
All the aforementioned can be designed based on current classification for its classification system in order to explain the degree of reasonable progress of HCI research in MIS.

Figure 1 :
Figure 1: Research process about HCI in the field of MIS and its comparison with foreign research

Figure 2 :
Figure 2: Comparisons between local research topics and HCI

Table 1 :
is divided into six classes, including, work or http://www.ispacs.com/journals/cacsa/2016/cacsa-00051/International Scientific Publications and Consulting Services organization conditions, market status, family conditions, social status, local, national and cultural conditions and other scenarios as shown in Table 2. Research topic scheme

Table 2 :
profile classification and interpretation of research Studying online learning is generally done in social conditions.E local, national and cultural conditions When local, national and cultural factors are considered in IT specific profile study.F Other profiles With more than five kinds of profiles which are not considered in this study.

Table 3 :
Classification and interpretation of individual description 3.1.Research topicsIn this article, 30 articles on statistics and relative distribution of titles using data from foreign research were compared and the results were shown in Fig.2.http://www.ispacs.com/journals/cacsa/2016/cacsa-00051/International Scientific Publications and Consulting Services

Table 4 :
HCI research methods in terms of statistics and its comparison with foreign articles 3.3.Analytic hierarchyOut 30 existing articles, about 27 articles examined HCI at individual level in which five of them were at group level, including two which considered both individual and group levels simultaneously ( as shown in Table5).Most of the research was about individual level and a few dealt with group level.http://www.ispacs.com/journals/cacsa/2016/cacsa-00051/International Scientific Publications and Consulting Services

Table 5 :
Statistical analysis of HCI level

Table 6 :
HCI research profile and statistics and foreign comparative study

Table 7 :
Individual characteristics of HCI in statistical research